');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, ');mask-mode:alpha;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:contain;mask-size:contain}}.wp-block-image :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-block-image figure{margin:0}.wp-lightbox-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.wp-lightbox-container img{cursor:zoom-in}.wp-lightbox-container img:hover+button{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button{align-items:center;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none;border-radius:4px;cursor:zoom-in;display:flex;height:20px;justify-content:center;opacity:0;padding:0;position:absolute;right:16px;text-align:center;top:16px;transition:opacity .2s ease;width:20px;z-index:100}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus-visible{outline:3px auto rgba(90,90,90,.25);outline:3px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:3px}.wp-lightbox-container button:hover{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus,.wp-lightbox-container button:hover,.wp-lightbox-container button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:zoom-out;height:100vh;left:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:100vw;z-index:100000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button{align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:center;min-height:40px;min-width:40px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:calc(env(safe-area-inset-right) + 16px);top:calc(env(safe-area-inset-top) + 16px);z-index:5000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .lightbox-image-container{height:var(--wp--lightbox-container-height);left:50%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform-origin:top left;width:var(--wp--lightbox-container-width);z-index:9999999999}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;margin:0;position:relative;transform-origin:0 0;width:100%;z-index:3000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image img{height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width);width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image figcaption{display:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay button{background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .scrim{background-color:#fff;height:100%;opacity:.9;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:2000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{animation:turn-on-visibility .25s both;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active img{animation:turn-on-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.hideanimationenabled:not(.active){animation:turn-off-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) img{animation:turn-off-visibility .25s both}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active{animation:none;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-in .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .scrim{animation:turn-on-visibility .4s forwards}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active){animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-out .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .scrim{animation:turn-off-visibility .4s forwards}}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc(-50vw + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1)}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible}99%{visibility:visible}to{transform:translate(calc(-50vw + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}}ol.wp-block-latest-comments{box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:0}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment)){line-height:1.1}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt p)){line-height:1.8}.has-dates :where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height])),.has-excerpts :where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height])){line-height:1.5}.wp-block-latest-comments .wp-block-latest-comments{padding-left:0}.wp-block-latest-comments__comment{list-style:none;margin-bottom:1em}.has-avatars .wp-block-latest-comments__comment{list-style:none;min-height:2.25em}.has-avatars .wp-block-latest-comments__comment .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt,.has-avatars .wp-block-latest-comments__comment .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-meta{margin-left:3.25em}.wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt p{font-size:.875em;margin:.36em 0 1.4em}.wp-block-latest-comments__comment-date{display:block;font-size:.75em}.wp-block-latest-comments .avatar,.wp-block-latest-comments__comment-avatar{border-radius:1.5em;display:block;float:left;height:2.5em;margin-right:.75em;width:2.5em}.wp-block-latest-comments[class*=-font-size] a,.wp-block-latest-comments[style*=font-size] a{font-size:inherit}.wp-block-latest-posts{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignleft{margin-right:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignright{margin-left:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list{list-style:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list li{clear:both}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid li{margin:0 1.25em 1.25em 0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2 li{width:calc(50% - .625em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2 li:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3 li{width:calc(33.33333% - .83333em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3 li:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4 li{width:calc(25% - .9375em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4 li:nth-child(4n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5 li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5 li:nth-child(5n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6 li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1.04167em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6 li:nth-child(6n){margin-right:0}}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-author,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-date{display:block;font-size:.8125em}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image a{display:inline-block}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image img{height:auto;max-width:100%;width:auto}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignleft{float:left;margin-right:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignright{float:right;margin-left:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.aligncenter{margin-bottom:1em;text-align:center}ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}ol.has-background,ul.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-media-text{box-sizing:border-box;direction:ltr;display:grid;grid-template-columns:50% 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto}.wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right{grid-template-columns:1fr 50%}.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-top .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-top .wp-block-media-text__media{align-self:start}.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__media,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-center .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-center .wp-block-media-text__media{align-self:center}.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-bottom .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-bottom .wp-block-media-text__media{align-self:end}.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__media{grid-column:1;grid-row:1;margin:0}.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content{direction:ltr;grid-column:2;grid-row:1;padding:0 8%;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__media{grid-column:2;grid-row:1}.wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content{grid-column:1;grid-row:1}.wp-block-media-text__media img,.wp-block-media-text__media video{height:auto;max-width:unset;vertical-align:middle;width:100%}.wp-block-media-text.is-image-fill .wp-block-media-text__media{background-size:cover;height:100%;min-height:250px}.wp-block-media-text.is-image-fill .wp-block-media-text__media>a{display:block;height:100%}.wp-block-media-text.is-image-fill .wp-block-media-text__media img{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-media-text.is-stacked-on-mobile{grid-template-columns:100%!important}.wp-block-media-text.is-stacked-on-mobile .wp-block-media-text__media{grid-column:1;grid-row:1}.wp-block-media-text.is-stacked-on-mobile .wp-block-media-text__content{grid-column:1;grid-row:2}}.wp-block-navigation{--navigation-layout-justification-setting:flex-start;--navigation-layout-direction:row;--navigation-layout-wrap:wrap;--navigation-layout-justify:flex-start;--navigation-layout-align:center;position:relative}.wp-block-navigation ul{margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;padding-left:0}.wp-block-navigation ul,.wp-block-navigation ul li{list-style:none;padding:0}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item{align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container:empty{display:none}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__content{display:block}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__content.wp-block-navigation-item__content{color:inherit}.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-underline .wp-block-navigation-item__content,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-underline .wp-block-navigation-item__content:active,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-underline .wp-block-navigation-item__content:focus{text-decoration:underline}.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-line-through .wp-block-navigation-item__content,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-line-through .wp-block-navigation-item__content:active,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-line-through .wp-block-navigation-item__content:focus{text-decoration:line-through}.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a:active,.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a:focus{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{align-self:center;background-color:inherit;border:none;color:currentColor;display:inline-block;font-size:inherit;height:.6em;line-height:0;margin-left:.25em;padding:0;width:.6em}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon svg{stroke:currentColor;display:inline-block;height:inherit;margin-top:.075em;width:inherit}.wp-block-navigation.is-vertical{--navigation-layout-direction:column;--navigation-layout-justify:initial;--navigation-layout-align:flex-start}.wp-block-navigation.no-wrap{--navigation-layout-wrap:nowrap}.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-center{--navigation-layout-justification-setting:center;--navigation-layout-justify:center}.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-center.is-vertical{--navigation-layout-align:center}.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right{--navigation-layout-justification-setting:flex-end;--navigation-layout-justify:flex-end}.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right.is-vertical{--navigation-layout-align:flex-end}.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-space-between{--navigation-layout-justification-setting:space-between;--navigation-layout-justify:space-between}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{align-items:normal;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:0;left:-1px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:100%;transition:opacity .1s linear;visibility:hidden;width:0;z-index:2}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container>.wp-block-navigation-item>.wp-block-navigation-item__content{display:flex;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container>.wp-block-navigation-item>.wp-block-navigation-item__content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{margin-left:auto;margin-right:0}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-item__content{margin:0}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:100%;top:-1px}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container:before{background:transparent;content:"";display:block;height:100%;position:absolute;right:100%;width:.5em}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{margin-right:.25em}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon svg{transform:rotate(-90deg)}}.wp-block-navigation .has-child:not(.open-on-click):hover>.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:visible;visibility:visible;width:auto}.wp-block-navigation .has-child:not(.open-on-click):not(.open-on-hover-click):focus-within>.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:visible;visibility:visible;width:auto}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle[aria-expanded=true]~.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:visible;visibility:visible;width:auto}.wp-block-navigation.has-background .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:0;top:100%}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-navigation.has-background .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:100%;top:0}}.wp-block-navigation-submenu{display:flex;position:relative}.wp-block-navigation-submenu .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon svg{stroke:currentColor}button.wp-block-navigation-item__content{background-color:transparent;border:none;color:currentColor;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:left;text-transform:inherit}.wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle{cursor:pointer}.wp-block-navigation-item.open-on-click .wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle{padding-right:.85em}.wp-block-navigation-item.open-on-click .wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle+.wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{margin-left:-.6em;pointer-events:none}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-page-list,.wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-close,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{gap:inherit}:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu button.wp-block-navigation-item__content),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-pages-list__item button.wp-block-navigation-item__content){padding:.5em 1em}.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right .wp-block-navigation__container .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right .wp-block-page-list>.has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-space-between .wp-block-page-list>.has-child:last-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-space-between>.wp-block-navigation__container>.has-child:last-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:auto;right:0}.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right .wp-block-navigation__container .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right .wp-block-page-list>.has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-space-between .wp-block-page-list>.has-child:last-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-space-between>.wp-block-navigation__container>.has-child:last-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:-1px;right:-1px}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right .wp-block-navigation__container .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-right .wp-block-page-list>.has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-space-between .wp-block-page-list>.has-child:last-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation.items-justified-space-between>.wp-block-navigation__container>.has-child:last-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:auto;right:100%}}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-background) .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.15)}.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{background-color:inherit}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-text-color) .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{color:#000}.wp-block-navigation__container{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-align,initial);display:flex;flex-direction:var(--navigation-layout-direction,initial);flex-wrap:var(--navigation-layout-wrap,wrap);justify-content:var(--navigation-layout-justify,initial);list-style:none;margin:0;padding-left:0}.wp-block-navigation__container .is-responsive{display:none}.wp-block-navigation__container:only-child,.wp-block-page-list:only-child{flex-grow:1}@keyframes overlay-menu__fade-in-animation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(.5em)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container{bottom:0;display:none;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container :where(.wp-block-navigation-item a){color:inherit}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-align,initial);display:flex;flex-direction:var(--navigation-layout-direction,initial);flex-wrap:var(--navigation-layout-wrap,wrap);justify-content:var(--navigation-layout-justify,initial)}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.is-menu-open.is-menu-open){background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{animation:overlay-menu__fade-in-animation .1s ease-out;animation-fill-mode:forwards;background-color:inherit;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:auto;padding:clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-top),20rem) clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-right),20rem) clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom),20rem) clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-left),20em);z-index:100000}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{animation-delay:0s;animation-duration:1ms}}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-justification-setting,inherit);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow:visible;padding-top:calc(2rem + 24px)}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-page-list{justify-content:flex-start}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{display:none}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{border:none;height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:initial;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;position:static;visibility:visible;width:auto}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{gap:inherit}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{padding-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap,2em)}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation-item__content{padding:0}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation-item,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-page-list{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-justification-setting,initial);display:flex;flex-direction:column}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation-item,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation-item .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-page-list{background:transparent!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:auto;right:auto}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.hidden-by-default):not(.is-menu-open){background-color:inherit;display:block;position:relative;width:100%;z-index:auto}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.hidden-by-default):not(.is-menu-open) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close{display:none}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:0}}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-background) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{background-color:#fff}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-text-color) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{color:#000}.wp-block-navigation__toggle_button_label{font-size:1rem;font-weight:700}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open{background:transparent;border:none;color:currentColor;cursor:pointer;margin:0;padding:0;text-transform:inherit;vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close svg,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open svg{fill:currentColor;display:block;height:24px;pointer-events:none;width:24px}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open{display:flex}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open:not(.always-shown){display:none}}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:2}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-close{width:100%}.has-modal-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-close{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:var(--wp--style--global--wide-size,100%)}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-close:focus{outline:none}.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-close,.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content,.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{position:relative}.has-modal-open .admin-bar .is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{margin-top:46px}@media (min-width:782px){.has-modal-open .admin-bar .is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{margin-top:32px}}html.has-modal-open{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__label{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__description{display:none}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-page-list{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-align,initial);background-color:inherit;display:flex;flex-direction:var(--navigation-layout-direction,initial);flex-wrap:var(--navigation-layout-wrap,wrap);justify-content:var(--navigation-layout-justify,initial)}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item{background-color:inherit}.is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter {float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter {float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}p.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}.wp-block-post-author{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.wp-block-post-author__byline{font-size:.5em;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;width:100%}.wp-block-post-author__avatar{margin-right:1em}.wp-block-post-author__bio{font-size:.7em;margin-bottom:.7em}.wp-block-post-author__content{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-post-author__name{margin:0}.wp-block-post-comments-form{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-weight] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-weight:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-family] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-family:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[class*=-font-size] :where(.comment-reply-title),.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-size] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-size:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=line-height] :where(.comment-reply-title){line-height:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-style] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-style:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=letter-spacing] :where(.comment-reply-title){letter-spacing:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form input[type=submit]{box-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-align:center}.wp-block-post-comments-form input:not([type=submit]),.wp-block-post-comments-form textarea{border:1px solid #949494;font-family:inherit;font-size:1em}.wp-block-post-comments-form input:not([type=submit]):not([type=checkbox]),.wp-block-post-comments-form textarea{padding:calc(.667em + 2px)}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form input:not([type=submit]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=hidden]),.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form textarea{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:100%}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form-author label,.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form-email label,.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form-url label{display:block;margin-bottom:.25em}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form-cookies-consent{display:flex;gap:.25em}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form-cookies-consent #wp-comment-cookies-consent{margin-top:.35em}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-reply-title{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-reply-title :where(small){font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium,smaller);margin-left:.5em}.wp-block-post-date{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-post-excerpt){margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}.wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.wp-block-post-excerpt__more-text{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}.wp-block-post-excerpt__more-link{display:inline-block}.wp-block-post-featured-image{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.wp-block-post-featured-image a{display:block;height:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image img{box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignwide img{width:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim{background-color:#000;inset:0;position:absolute}.wp-block-post-featured-image{position:relative}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-gradient{background-color:transparent}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-0{opacity:0}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-10{opacity:.1}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-20{opacity:.2}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-30{opacity:.3}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-40{opacity:.4}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-50{opacity:.5}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-60{opacity:.6}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-70{opacity:.7}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-80{opacity:.8}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-90{opacity:.9}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-100{opacity:1}.wp-block-post-featured-image:where(.alignleft,.alignright){width:100%}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-previous{display:inline-block;margin-right:1ch}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-previous:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-next{display:inline-block;margin-left:1ch}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-next:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-post-navigation-link.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode: vertical-lr"],.wp-block-post-navigation-link.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode: vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}.wp-block-post-terms{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-post-terms .wp-block-post-terms__separator{white-space:pre-wrap}.wp-block-post-time-to-read,.wp-block-post-title{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-post-title{word-break:break-word}.wp-block-post-title a{display:inline-block}.wp-block-preformatted{box-sizing:border-box;white-space:pre-wrap}:where(.wp-block-preformatted.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-pullquote{box-sizing:border-box;overflow-wrap:break-word;padding:3em 0;text-align:center}.wp-block-pullquote blockquote,.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote p{color:inherit}.wp-block-pullquote.alignleft,.wp-block-pullquote.alignright{max-width:420px}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer{position:relative}.wp-block-pullquote .has-text-color a{color:inherit}:where(.wp-block-pullquote){margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote.has-text-align-left blockquote{text-align:left}.wp-block-pullquote.has-text-align-right blockquote{text-align:right}.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color{border:none}.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color blockquote{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:60%}.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color blockquote p{font-size:2em;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color blockquote cite{font-style:normal;text-transform:none}.wp-block-pullquote cite{color:inherit}.wp-block-post-template{list-style:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;max-width:100%;padding:0}.wp-block-post-template.wp-block-post-template{background:none}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.25em}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container>li{margin:0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-2>li{width:calc(50% - .625em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-3>li{width:calc(33.33333% - .83333em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-4>li{width:calc(25% - .9375em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-5>li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-6>li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1.04167em)}}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignright,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignright{-webkit-margin-start:2em;-webkit-margin-end:0;float:right;margin-inline-end:0;margin-inline-start:2em}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignleft,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignleft{-webkit-margin-start:0;-webkit-margin-end:2em;float:left;margin-inline-end:2em;margin-inline-start:0}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.aligncenter,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.aligncenter{-webkit-margin-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;margin-inline-start:auto}.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-next,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-numbers,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-previous{margin-bottom:.5em;margin-right:.5em}.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-next:last-child,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-numbers:last-child,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-previous:last-child{margin-right:0}.wp-block-query-pagination.is-content-justification-space-between>.wp-block-query-pagination-next:last-of-type{-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto}.wp-block-query-pagination.is-content-justification-space-between>.wp-block-query-pagination-previous:first-child{-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-previous-arrow{display:inline-block;margin-right:1ch}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-previous-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-next-arrow{display:inline-block;margin-left:1ch}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-next-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-query-pagination.aligncenter{justify-content:center}.wp-block-query-title,.wp-block-quote{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-quote{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)),.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)){margin-bottom:1em;padding:0 1em}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p{font-size:1.5em;font-style:italic;line-height:1.6}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer{font-size:1.125em;text-align:right}.wp-block-read-more{display:block;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content}.wp-block-read-more:not([style*=text-decoration]),.wp-block-read-more:not([style*=text-decoration]):active,.wp-block-read-more:not([style*=text-decoration]):focus{text-decoration:none}ul.wp-block-rss{list-style:none;padding:0}ul.wp-block-rss.wp-block-rss{box-sizing:border-box}ul.wp-block-rss.alignleft{margin-right:2em}ul.wp-block-rss.alignright{margin-left:2em}ul.wp-block-rss.is-grid{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;padding:0}ul.wp-block-rss.is-grid li{margin:0 1em 1em 0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){ul.wp-block-rss.columns-2 li{width:calc(50% - 1em)}ul.wp-block-rss.columns-3 li{width:calc(33.33333% - 1em)}ul.wp-block-rss.columns-4 li{width:calc(25% - 1em)}ul.wp-block-rss.columns-5 li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}ul.wp-block-rss.columns-6 li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1em)}}.wp-block-rss__item-author,.wp-block-rss__item-publish-date{display:block;font-size:.8125em}.wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{fill:currentColor;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;vertical-align:text-bottom}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search__label{width:100%}.wp-block-search__input{-webkit-appearance:initial;appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:0;max-width:calc(100% - 100px)}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right}.wp-block-separator{border:1px solid;border-left:none;border-right:none}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots{background:none!important;border:none;height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots:before{color:currentColor;content:"···";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em}.wp-block-site-logo{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo a{display:inline-block;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo.is-default-size img{height:auto;width:120px}.wp-block-site-logo img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.wp-block-site-logo a,.wp-block-site-logo img{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-site-logo.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center}.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded{border-radius:9999px}.wp-block-site-title a{color:inherit}.wp-block-social-links{background:none;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;text-indent:0}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link a,.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link a:hover{border-bottom:0;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link a{padding:.25em}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link svg{height:1em;width:1em}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link span:not(.screen-reader-text){font-size:.65em;margin-left:.5em;margin-right:.5em}.wp-block-social-links.has-small-icon-size{font-size:16px}.wp-block-social-links,.wp-block-social-links.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:24px}.wp-block-social-links.has-large-icon-size{font-size:36px}.wp-block-social-links.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:48px}.wp-block-social-links.aligncenter{display:flex;justify-content:center}.wp-block-social-links.alignright{justify-content:flex-end}.wp-block-social-link{border-radius:9999px;display:block;height:auto;transition:transform .1s ease}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.wp-block-social-link{transition-delay:0s;transition-duration:0s}}.wp-block-social-link a{align-items:center;display:flex;line-height:0;transition:transform .1s ease}.wp-block-social-link:hover{transform:scale(1.1)}.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor svg,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor:active,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor:hover,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor:visited{fill:currentColor;color:currentColor}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link{background-color:#f0f0f0;color:#444}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-amazon{background-color:#f90;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-bandcamp{background-color:#1ea0c3;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-behance{background-color:#0757fe;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-codepen{background-color:#1e1f26;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-deviantart{background-color:#02e49b;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-dribbble{background-color:#e94c89;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-dropbox{background-color:#4280ff;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-etsy{background-color:#f45800;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-facebook{background-color:#1778f2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-fivehundredpx{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-flickr{background-color:#0461dd;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-foursquare{background-color:#e65678;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-github{background-color:#24292d;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-goodreads{background-color:#eceadd;color:#382110}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-google{background-color:#ea4434;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-instagram{background-color:#f00075;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-lastfm{background-color:#e21b24;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-linkedin{background-color:#0d66c2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-mastodon{background-color:#3288d4;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-medium{background-color:#02ab6c;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-meetup{background-color:#f6405f;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-patreon{background-color:#ff424d;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-pinterest{background-color:#e60122;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-pocket{background-color:#ef4155;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-reddit{background-color:#ff4500;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-skype{background-color:#0478d7;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-snapchat{stroke:#000;background-color:#fefc00;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-soundcloud{background-color:#ff5600;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-spotify{background-color:#1bd760;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-telegram{background-color:#2aabee;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-threads,.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-tiktok{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-tumblr{background-color:#011835;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-twitch{background-color:#6440a4;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-twitter{background-color:#1da1f2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-vimeo{background-color:#1eb7ea;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-vk{background-color:#4680c2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-wordpress{background-color:#3499cd;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-whatsapp{background-color:#25d366;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-x{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-yelp{background-color:#d32422;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-youtube{background-color:red;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link{background:none}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link a{padding:0}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link svg{height:1.25em;width:1.25em}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-amazon{color:#f90}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-bandcamp{color:#1ea0c3}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-behance{color:#0757fe}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-codepen{color:#1e1f26}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-deviantart{color:#02e49b}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-dribbble{color:#e94c89}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-dropbox{color:#4280ff}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-etsy{color:#f45800}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-facebook{color:#1778f2}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-fivehundredpx{color:#000}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-flickr{color:#0461dd}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-foursquare{color:#e65678}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-github{color:#24292d}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-goodreads{color:#382110}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-google{color:#ea4434}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-instagram{color:#f00075}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-lastfm{color:#e21b24}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-linkedin{color:#0d66c2}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-mastodon{color:#3288d4}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-medium{color:#02ab6c}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-meetup{color:#f6405f}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-patreon{color:#ff424d}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-pinterest{color:#e60122}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-pocket{color:#ef4155}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-reddit{color:#ff4500}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-skype{color:#0478d7}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-snapchat{stroke:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-soundcloud{color:#ff5600}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-spotify{color:#1bd760}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-telegram{color:#2aabee}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-threads,.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-tiktok{color:#000}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-tumblr{color:#011835}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-twitch{color:#6440a4}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-twitter{color:#1da1f2}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-vimeo{color:#1eb7ea}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-vk{color:#4680c2}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-whatsapp{color:#25d366}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-wordpress{color:#3499cd}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-x{color:#000}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-yelp{color:#d32422}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-youtube{color:red}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-pill-shape .wp-social-link{width:auto}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-pill-shape .wp-social-link a{padding-left:.66667em;padding-right:.66667em}.wp-block-social-links:not(.has-icon-color):not(.has-icon-background-color) .wp-social-link-snapchat .wp-block-social-link-label{color:#000}.wp-block-spacer{clear:both}.wp-block-tag-cloud{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-tag-cloud.aligncenter{justify-content:center;text-align:center}.wp-block-tag-cloud.alignfull{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-tag-cloud a{display:inline-block;margin-right:5px}.wp-block-tag-cloud span{display:inline-block;margin-left:5px;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-tag-cloud.is-style-outline{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1ch}.wp-block-tag-cloud.is-style-outline a{border:1px solid;font-size:unset!important;margin-right:0;padding:1ch 2ch;text-decoration:none!important}.wp-block-table{overflow-x:auto}.wp-block-table table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{border:1px solid;padding:.5em}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout{table-layout:fixed;width:100%}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout td,.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout th{word-break:break-word}.wp-block-table.aligncenter,.wp-block-table.alignleft,.wp-block-table.alignright{display:table;width:auto}.wp-block-table.aligncenter td,.wp-block-table.aligncenter th,.wp-block-table.alignleft td,.wp-block-table.alignleft th,.wp-block-table.alignright td,.wp-block-table.alignright th{word-break:break-word}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#f3f4f5}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-green-background-color{background-color:#e9fbe5}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color{background-color:#e7f5fe}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:#fcf0ef}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes{background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0;border-collapse:inherit;border-spacing:0}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f0f0f0}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-light-gray-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f3f4f5}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-green-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e9fbe5}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e7f5fe}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#fcf0ef}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes td,.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes th{border-color:transparent}.wp-block-table .has-border-color td,.wp-block-table .has-border-color th,.wp-block-table .has-border-color tr,.wp-block-table .has-border-color>*{border-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>*,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>* td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>* th{border-top-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:not(:first-child){border-top-color:currentColor}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] td:last-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color]>*{border-right-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>*,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>* td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>* th{border-bottom-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:not(:last-child){border-bottom-color:currentColor}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] td:first-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color]>*{border-left-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style]>*{border-style:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width]>*{border-style:inherit;border-width:inherit}:where(.wp-block-term-description){margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}.wp-block-term-description p{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.wp-block-text-columns,.wp-block-text-columns.aligncenter{display:flex}.wp-block-text-columns .wp-block-column{margin:0 1em;padding:0}.wp-block-text-columns .wp-block-column:first-child{margin-left:0}.wp-block-text-columns .wp-block-column:last-child{margin-right:0}.wp-block-text-columns.columns-2 .wp-block-column{width:50%}.wp-block-text-columns.columns-3 .wp-block-column{width:33.33333%}.wp-block-text-columns.columns-4 .wp-block-column{width:25%}pre.wp-block-verse{overflow:auto;white-space:pre-wrap}:where(pre.wp-block-verse){font-family:inherit}.wp-block-video{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-video video{vertical-align:middle;width:100%}@supports (position:sticky){.wp-block-video [poster]{object-fit:cover}}.wp-block-video.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-video figcaption{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.editor-styles-wrapper,.entry-content{counter-reset:footnotes}a[data-fn].fn{counter-increment:footnotes;display:inline-flex;font-size:smaller;text-decoration:none;text-indent:-9999999px;vertical-align:super}a[data-fn].fn:after{content:"[" counter(footnotes) "]";float:left;text-indent:0}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.screen-reader-text:focus{clip:auto!important;background-color:#ddd;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html:where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}/*]]>*/
Product Review: More Spectral Analysis of 250 Watt Double Ended Metal Halide Lamps and Ballasts by Sanjay Joshi | Oct 15, 2004 |
1 3 more 250W DE metal halide lamps available within the reef hobby were evaluated along with 2 ballasts used to drive these lamps. The lamps are listed in Table 1. The ballasts used are the “HQI” ballast (ANSI-M80) and the IceCap Electronic Ballast. As usual these lamps were tested using the identical setup to all our previous tests, thus allowing for direct comparison between the lamps.
Table 1: List Of Lamps And Ballasts Tested 250W DE Lamps 250W Ballasts XDE 10000K PFO-HQI (ANSI -M80)IceCap (Electronic)
XDE 20000K CORALVUE 20000K SUN AQUATICS 20000K SUN AQUATICS 14000K SUN AQUATICS 10K AQUACONNECT 14000K GIESMAN MEGACHROME 13000K GIESEMANN 20000K ARCADIA 14000K HIT (BLV) 20000K HELIOS 12500K HELIOS 20000K
Spectral Output Of The Lamps (Single Ballast) Since the ANSI-M80 is the recommended ballast for 250W double ended lamps, we decided to compare the lamps using this ballast to establish a baseline of performance.
Figure 1 below shows the spectral output of the nine different lamps when operated by the same ballast – the M-80 ballast. These spectral plots are for the unshielded lamps (i.e. without the use of any UV absorbing glass shield).
Figure 1: Spectral plot showing a comparison of the spectrum all the 250W DE lamps tested
Table 2: Comparison of PPFD, CCT, and Power use of the different 250W DE lamps with the M80 ballast – unshielded and shielded Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) XDE 10KK 314 121.6 2.77 136.4 7645 109.5 7026 XDE 20KK 269 121.6 2.59 55.14 na 42.4 na Coralvue 20KK 314 121.3 2.75 58.19 na 48.35 na SUN AQ 20KK 333 121.4 2.92 80.28 na 64.13 na SUN AQ 14K 333 121.8 2.88 77.5 na 61.78 na SUN AQ 10K 345 121.9 3.25 142 5251 116.5 5053 AQ CON 14KK 313 123.2 2.77 101.6 na 82.1 na GS MEGA 13KK 336 122.8 2.94 112.9 10418 87.8 8586 GS 20KK 305 122 2.74 52.5 na 43.2 na ARCADIA 14KK 318 121.8 2.85 88.15 11498 73.39 10577 HIT(BLV) 20KK 306 121.3 2.79 306 55.2 43.9 na HELIOS 20KK 338 122.5 3.01 77.9 na 62.06 na HELIOS 12.5KK 371 123.6 3.39 150.1 5533 125.5 5288
Comparison of Lamp Performance Under Different Ballasts In this section we present the results of testing the different lamps using different ballasts. For each lamp tested different ballasts were used to fire the lamp and data is presented for the unshielded and shielded case. Spectral data is only provided for the shielded case, since we feel that most lamps will be used in this manner.
1) XDE 10000K Table 3: XDE 10000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 314 121.6 2.77 136.4 7645 109.5 7026 IceCap 253 120.4 2.33 121 7541 95.2 7097
Figure 2: Spectral Plot of the Shielded XDE 10000K Lamp with the different ballasts
2) XDE 20000K Table 4: XDE 20000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 269 121.6 2.59 55.14 na 42.4 na IceCap 224 121.3 2.12 44.6 na 36.1 na
Figure 3: Spectral Plot of the Shielded XDE 20000K Lamp with the different ballasts
3) CORALVUE 20000K Table 5: CORALVUE 20000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 314 121.3 2.75 58.19 na 48.35 na IceCap 254 122.4 2.3 50.7 na 41.1 na
Figure 4: Spectral Plot of the Shielded Coralvue 20000K Lamp with the different ballasts
4) SUN AQUATICS 20000K Table 6: SUN AQUATICS 20000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 333 121.4 2.92 80.28 na 64.13 na IceCap 252 121.4 2.3 63.8 na 50.8 na
Figure 5: Spectral Plot of the Shielded SUN AQUATICS 20000K Lamp with the different ballasts
5) SUN AQUATICS 14000K Table 7: SUN AQUATICS 14000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 333 121.8 2.88 77.5 na 61.78 na IceCap 256 121.6 2.33 52.9 na 41.5 na
Figure 6: Spectral Plot of the Shielded SUN AQUATICS 14000K Lamp with the different ballasts
6) SUN AQUATICS 10000K Table 8: SUN AQUATICS 10000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 345 121.9 3.25 142 5251 116.5 5053 IceCap 209 122 1.9 99.8 5396 82 5208
Figure 7: Spectral Plot of the Shielded SUN AQUATICS 10000K Lamp with the different ballasts
7) AQUACONNECT 14000K Table 9: AQUACONNECT 14000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 313 123.2 2.77 101.6 na 82.1 na IceCap 196 123 1.81 84.8 na 68.6 na
Figure 8: Spectral Plot of the Shielded AQUACONNECT 14000K Lamp with the different ballasts
8) GIESEMANN MEGACHROME 13000K Table 10: GIESEMANN MEGACHROME 13000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 336 122.8 2.94 112.9 10418 87.8 8586 IceCap 253 122.1 2.28 79.2 10187 63.9 8982
Figure 9: Spectral Plot of the Shielded GIESEMANN MEGACHROME 13000K Lamp with the different ballasts
9) GIESEMANN 20000K Table 11: GIESEMANN 20000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 305 122 2.74 52.5 na 43.2 na IceCap 248 122 2.31 43.64 na 34.3 na
Figure 10: Spectral Plot of the Shielded GIESEMANN 20000K Lamp with the different ballasts
10) ARCADIA 14000K Table 12: ARCADIA 14000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 318 121.8 2.85 88.15 11498 73.39 10577 IceCap 248 123.1 2.31 76.3 43253 55.92 19721
Figure 11: Spectral Plot of the Shielded ARCADIA 14000K Lamp with the different ballasts
11) HIT (BLV) 20000K Table 13: HIT (BLV) 20000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 306 121.3 2.79 306 55.2 43.9 na IceCap 248 121.3 2.32 41.7 na 33.18 na
Figure 12: Spectral Plot of the Shielded HIT (BLV) 20000K Lamp with the different ballasts
12) HELIOS 20000K Table 14: HELIOS 20000K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 338 122.5 3.01 77.9 na 62.06 na IceCap 250 123.5 2.3 62 na 48.7 na
Figure 13: Spectral Plot of the Shielded HELIOS 20000K Lamp with the different ballasts
13) HELIOS 12500K Table 15: HELIOS 12500K Lamp Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) PPFD (Unshielded) CCT (Unshielded) PPFD (Shielded) CCT (Shielded) M80 371 123.6 3.39 150.1 5533 125.5 5288 IceCap 256 122.8 2.3 101.2 6587 82.25 6872
Figure 14: Spectral Plot of the Shielded HELIOS 12500K Lamp with the different ballasts
Discussion and Conclusion Figure 15, and 15 show comparison of power and PPFD of the various lamps tested. Once again as seen from the data and plots, there is wide variation among the lamps and the use of CCT to designate the lamps is pretty much meaningless given that the spectral plots are often very similar yet the lamps are being sold with different color temperatures. The usual disclaimer applies – this data is based on a sample size of one, and we have no idea what the variation is within lamps. The HQI 80 ballasts tends to consume much higher wattage than the rated 250W, while the electronic ballast tends to stay close to the rated power of the lamp. The implications of consuming more power are obvious – more light output, however if this detrimental to lamp life remains to be seen.
Comparing the data here and other 250W DE articles with the data for 250W Mogul lamps, should provide enough factual information to dispel the myth that 250W DE lamps produce more light output than the 250W single ended mogul lamps. A general sweeping statement to this effect cannot be made, and depends on the lamp under consideration.
Figure 15: PPFD (Shielded) – Different ballasts
Figure 16: PPFD (shielded) vs Power
Acknowledgements We would like to thank several people whose help made this study possible. They were kind enough to provide us with lamps and ballasts for testing: Patrick at PFO Lighting, Brian at HelloLights.com, Andy at IceCap Inc, Phil at Giesemann, Edward at Aquaconnect, Venki at Sun Aquatics, TAAM for the Helios lamps, Chris at Hikari Sales, and Moonpod at RC. Finally, we would like to thank Dr. Paul Walker of Penn State University for the use of the spectroradiometer and dark room for testing the lamps.
References Joshi, S. 1998. Spectral Analysis of Metal Halide Lamps Used in the Reef Aquarium Hobby Part 1: New 400-watt Lamps, Aquarium Frontiers, Nov 1998. Joshi, S. and Morgan D. 1999. Spectral Analysis of Metal Halide Lamps Used in the Reef Aquarium Hobby Part II: Used 400-watt Lamps, Aquarium Frontiers , Jan 1999. Joshi, S. and Morgan, D. 1999. Spectral Analysis of Metal Halide Lamps Used in the Reef Aquarium Hobby Part III: New and used 250-watt Lamp, Aquarium Frontiers , Joshi, S. and Morgan D., 2001. “Spectral Analysis of Metal Halide Lamps – Do Ballasts Make a Difference,” 2001 Annual Marine Fish and Reef USA , Fancy Publications. Reprint available here Joshi, S. 2002, “Spectral Analysis of Recent Metal Halide Lamps: Part IV- 10000K and 12000K lamps,” 2002 Annual Marine Fish and Reef USA , Fancy Publications. Joshi, S. and Marks, Timothy. 2002. Spectral Analysis of Recent Metal Halide Lamps and Ballasts, Advanced Aquarist , Oct 2002 , Joshi, S. and Marks, Timothy. 2002. Spectral Analysis of 150W Double Ended Metal Halide Lamps and Ballasts, Advanced Aquarist , Nov 2002 Joshi, S. and Marks, Timothy, 2004. Spectral Analysis of 400W Lamps: XM, Radiums, Osram, Sunmaster and PFO, Advanced Aquarist , Feb 2004 Joshi, S. and Marks, Timothy, 2004. Spectral Analysis of 250W Double Ended Lamps and Ballasts, Advanced Aquarist , Feb 2004 Joshi S. More Spectral Analysis of 150W DE Metal Halide Lamps, Advanced Aquarist, May 2004. Joshi S., Spectral Analysis of 250W Mogul Base Lamps-Part I, Advanced Aquarist, July 2004 . Joshi S., Spectral Analysis of 250W Mogul Base Lamps-Part II, Advanced Aquarist, August 2004 .