Had to bring this one back, as I'm working with all sorts of surges right now, I've made about 10 different variations of the carlson and borneman devices. I have a question for t gallo (or anyone who might have an idea)... when i work with the exact same device you posted pics of on my 55 gallon "surge test system", with a 2" outlet, I get COPIOUS amounts of bubbles. The thing dumps about 5 gallons from a rubbermaid trashcan it is mounted in, (I recently went and bought ten, just to cut holes in them :roll: ) in under 4-5 seconds...surges like h*ll...but the overflow pipe tends to act as a venturi and sucks a ton of air into the drain pipe and into the tank. When you posted, you said that a bubble went up in the overflow pipe and then drained. I am confused! Does this guy not fill your tank with microbubbles as well? In Borneman's design in "aquarium corals", he has it done with 2" to reducer to 1" drain pipe. When I tested this first, It worked like a charm, but simply didn't drain as fast as I wanted, and so per his suggestion that any diameter pipe could be used, I upped the diameter of the drain. The only difference between your surge and mine,(besides mine is in a trash can), is that yours is positioned quite a ways above the water level. Mine is resting on top of the tank for the time being, do you think this maybe responsible for the venturi effect? I may try two things, try a 1 1/2" drain pipe and see what that does, or lift the surge somewhat above the water level. By the way, this is testing for a future 180 gallon, so I am doing some serious experimenting. Thanks in advance! Joey