If these really are mineral deposits on the surface of the glass then a new razor blade should remove them fairly easily.
If the surface of the glass has been etched by prolonged exposure to an alkaline liquid like saltwater, then you can scrape it with a razor blade all day long and you won't get rid of it,,, there is also no chemical way to remove this thin layer of 'sick' glass. Denture cleaner, bleach, vinegar, soap,,,,you name it,,, nothing will work.
The chemical decay of the glass is generally only to a depth of a few molecules and the only way to remove it is to manually polish the glass with some kind of fine compound (6000 grit or higher) ,,, but it simply wouldn't be worth the effort on something as large as a glass aquarium.