These Items were found in Municipal Water Supplies*
Rocket fuel -- perchlorate, harmful to the thyroid and possibly carcinogenic -- is in the water of 20 million Americans. At times high levels have been measured in Los Angeles, Phoenix and San Diego.
Lead, which can cause brain damage and decreased intelligence in children, gets into drinking water from corroding pipes and faucets; Boston, Newark and Seattle exceeded the national action level for lead
Germs, including coliform bacteria and Cryptosporidium, a microscopic disease-carrying protozoan. NRDC's study found that many cities should be concerned about their water supply's vulnerability to such contamination.
Arsenic, recently judged not safe at any level in drinking water, is still present at significant levels in the drinking water of 22 million Americans.
NRDC's study revealed that periodic spikes in contaminant levels are on the rise, a sign that aging pipes and water-treatment facilities often can't handle today's contaminant loads (for example, after a major storm or an industrial spill). In recent years, Atlanta, Baltimore and Washington, D.C., all issued boil-water alerts in response to such spikes.
Right-to-Know Reports
For three straight years (1999-2001), the covers of Washington, D.C.'s right-to-know reports blared "Your Drinking Water Is Safe!" but the city's water had significant levels of chlorination by-products, lead, bacteria and an unexplained spike in cyanide.
When Newark, New Jersey's water failed to meet the EPA's action level for lead, its right-to-know report buried a health warning and detailed information on the situation deep in the report.
Phoenix's right-to-know report failed to mention violations of drinking water rules that the city had reported to the U.S. EPA; it also deeply buried crucial, required information about the health effects of arsenic and nitrates in the city's tap water in a small print footnote.
Source Water Protection
Cities that rely on river water sources can be vulnerable to pollution from farms, industrial sites, sewer overflows, urban runoff, and spills.
Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix, and many other cities and towns rely heavily on the Colorado River for drinking water -- but the Colorado is inadequately protected and is laden with contaminants from agriculture, urban and suburban runoff, and industry (including the Henderson, Nevada Kerr-McGee site that leaks perchlorate into the river).
Groundwater supplies can also be vulnerable to contamination. Fresno's groundwater is becoming seriously compromised by agricultural and industrial pollution, including nitrates; Albuquerque's groundwater is overtaxed and threatened by pollutants from numerous sources.
* NRDC surveyed the following cities: Albuquerque, NM; Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Boston, MA; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; Detroit, MI; Fresno, CA; Houston, TX; Los Angeles, CA; Manchester, NH; New Orleans, LA; Newark, NJ; Philadelphia, PA; Phoenix, AZ; San Diego, CA; San Francisco, CA; Seattle, WA; Washington, DC.